Agricultural Policy of Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Agricultural form _or_ system of government of Bangladesh EssayAgriculture is the dominant economic activity in Bangladesh and regarded as the lifeline of the Bangladesh economy. Its role is springy in enhancing productiveness, profitability and employment in the rural areas for improving the wellbeing of the poor. As the largest private enterprise, tillage (crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry) contributes about 21% of the GDP, sustains the livelihood of about 52% of the labour force, and remains a major supplier of bare materials for agro-based industries.Agriculture plays an important role in the overall economic increment of Bangladesh. Agriculture is also a social orbit concerned with issues like food and nutritional security, income generation and poverty reduction. Besides, it is the biggest source of market for a variety of consumer goods, including consumer durables specially in the rural area. Hence, modifyment in agricultural sector performance and accele ration in its growth are critical to reducing rural poverty. 1. 2Agricuture sector encompasses crops, fisheries, livestock, and forestry sub-sectors. Separate policies on livestock, fisheries and forestry have been formulated by the respective ministries. In this perspective, Ministry of Agriculture has drafted this policy document in order to undertake and thread development activities in the crops sub-sector. As expected, policies aimed at crop production in the areas of reaserch, extension, seeds, fertilisers, minor irrigation, marketing, gender and HRD have prominence in this document.Since crop sector plays a major role in Bangladesh agriculture and gets the utmost importance in various agriculture related programmes of the government, this policy document for the development of crop sector is, therefore, entitled as the National Agriculture Policy. It is estimated that the agricultural land is declining by 1% per year and the land quality is deteriorating owing to degradation of soil fullness (e. g. nutrient imbalance), soil erosion and soil salinity.In addition, water resources are also shrinking. In order to produce more food for an increasing population, and raw materials for agro-industries, there is a need for increasing agricultural growth through higher productivity, including increased yield, agricultural intensification and diversification, and value addition. The overarching goal of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) matches with Millennium emergence Goals (MDG) of achieving 50% reduction in the proportion of population living below the poverty by 2015.In addition to maintaining a sound macro-economic framework, the Poverty decrease Strategy Paper (PRSP), entitled Unlocking the Potential National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (GoB, 2005), highlights the need for higher growth in rural areas, development of agriculture and rural non-farm economic activities as one of the four priority areas to accelerating pro-poor economic grow th. In order to achieve the GDP growth rate of 7% per year, agriculture must grow by at least 4-4. 5% per year (PRSP, 2005).This is presumably possible through an increase in agricultural productivity (for crops, horticulture, livestock, fisheries and forestry) based on modern agricultural technology and a supply chain linking farmers with consumers in the domestic as well as overseas markets. exquisite farms dominate the agrarian structure of Bangladesh. Therefore, performance of the sector greatly affects economic progress and people s livelihood. To reduce rural poverty 2 and improve rural livelihoods, it is necessary to recognize and to develop existing agricultural production system into a more dynamic and viable commercial sector.Agriculture has the strength to reduce food deficit as well as shortage of industrial raw materials, and also to generate employment opportunities with reasonable income, which will in turn help improve the standard of living of the rural people. Th e growth potential of most of the crops and other agricultural commodities are substantially higher than pitch level of production. 1. 7 Sustainable intensification and diversification of agriculture through technological change requires an efficient and productive agricultural technology system comprising agricultural seek and extension.This needs to be supported by appropriate value addition and market linkages. Enhancing productivity, resource use efficiency, using cutting age science, experimental facilities and preceding(prenominal) all productivity and maintaining a reservoir of first-rate human resources to sustain knowledge-intensive agriculture has become critically important. The Bangladesh agriculture demands considerable scientific and technological input. like a shot s complex national and economic environment requires increase in the effectiveness of the public expenditure in research and extension system.Major challenges for the Bangladesh agriculture are to rais ing productivity and profitability, reducing instability, increasing resource-use efficiency, ensuring equity, improving quality and meeting demands for diversification commercialization of agriculture. 1. 9 The existing National Agricultural Policy was adopted in April, 1999. With the passage of time some issues and concerns have emerged in agriculture, in some cases with new dimension. For instance, dwindling agricultural resources, declining biodiversity, climate change, increasing absolute frequency intensity of natural disasters, increasing input prices, soaring food prices etc.require transformation of agriculture in such a way that would shout out challenges to meet demands. This necessitates the revision and updating the earlier document to make it relevant to the present agro-economic context. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of Agriculture Sector For developing of a pragmatic and effective and efficient national agricultural policy, it is a pre-r equisite to gauge the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that are associated with the issues of policy interventions.

South African Economic Racism Essay Example for Free

South African Economic Racism Essay end-to-end the course of the 19th and 20th century, economic considerations played a significant role in shaping some(prenominal) racial discrimination and concepts of black-and-blue conquest in South Africa. When vast deposits of gold and diamonds were discovered in the latter half of the 19th century, the economic structure of southern Africa was dramatically altered. The digging persistence necessitated vast amounts of inexpensive labor in order to be profitable. In the post South African warfare period, the necessity to return the Boers to self-rule without harming the mining industry resulted in a series of legislation that legalized racial discrimination to ensure a large and cheap labor burden consisting of Africans. South Africas industrial revolution and the legislation passed during the period immediately following the South African War provided the economic bases of racial discrimination and white supremacy in South Africa.In 1868, the Kimberly diamond strike propelled South Africa to a position as a world leader in diamond production. Similarly, the discovery of large gold deposits in the 18th and 19th century also attracted both foreign capital investment and immigration. The rapidly growing mining industries required capacious amounts of inexpensive labor in order to be profitable. Hundreds of thousands of African workers sought employment in the developing mines and cities in industrializing cities. In the face of this increased competition, white workers benefitted from racial discrimination because it protected them economically from competition with African workers. White business owners sought a large and cheap African workforce racial discriminatory practices ensured they were cheap and pliable.In order to limit the bargaining bureau of African workers seeking higher wages and to ensure that none could flee in the face of harsh labor conditions, the British conquered the remaining independent African states, confiscated land, and imposed severe cash taxations during the 1880s and 1890s. This forced African labor that had previously chosen employment in the mining industry voluntarily to now do so under conditions set solely by the employers. In addition, a series of discriminatory practices were first introduced during this period including pass laws and urban ghettos, further ensuring the enforced cooperation and steady supply of cheap African labor. The industrial revolution in South Africa introduced a pressing need for incredible amounts of cheap labor. The introduction of raciallydiscriminatory practices sought to meet this need by ensuring the In the aftermath of the South African War in 1902, the mining industry saw a depression in the face of a severe labor shortage. In response, South African capitalists and mining industry leaders worked with British imperial authorities to import massive amounts of Chinese laborers. Between 1902 and 1907, over one vitamin C thousand Chinese immigrated to South Africa.However, Afrikaners opposed this vehemently arguing that it should be a white mans country and that this influx of labor be a new competitive threat for potential jobs. In 1906, the Liberals come to power in Great Britain. Many had opposed the South African War and were now calling for the return of self-rule to the Boers without endangering the mining industry. Afrikaners would take the shopping centre of skilled and semi-skilled English laborers at lower wages while newly enacted policies would force greater numbers of Africans to unskilled labor. The 1911 Mines and Works Act confine African employment to menial and unskilled jobs, excluding them from most skilled categories of work. In effect, it legislated a racial hierarchy in the workplace and extended the practice throughout the South African economy beyond the mining industry.Furthermore, the Industrial Conciliation Act of 1924 restricted African rights to organize or to negoti ate their terms of employment. In 1913, the Natives Land Act was enacted, restricting African ownership of land to designated areas comprising roughly 7 share of the South Africas total land area and restricting Africans from establishing any businesses outside of this allocated space. In addition, the land partitioned for Africans was often of poor quality and could not mayhap support its population. Thus, the law effectively prevented Africans from leading self-sufficient lives in rural communities. They were increasingly forced to work on Afrikaner owned farms, factories, and mines. In addition, restrictions on their movement and the right to reside in urban areas combined with the inability for rural areas to support significant numbers of Africans resulted in an endless system of migratory unskilled labor. Economic interests and considerations significantly influenced the segregation policies adopted in South Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries. The necessity of a cheap and controllable labor credit resulted in harsh racially discriminatory policies and the rise of white supremacy.In 1944, the chairman of the Broederbond stressed the special role ofAfrikaners in a speech, In all people in the world is embodied a Divine Idea and the task of each People is to build upon that Idea and to perfect it. So divinity fudge created the Afrikaner People with a unique language, a unique philosophy of life, and their own floor and tradition in order that they might fulfill a detail calling and destiny here in the southern corner of Africa. We essential believe that God has called us to be servants of his righteousness in this place (Clark and Worger, 32). Placing emphasis on divine support for their existence, their special place in the world, and righteous mission, this Afrikaner ideology can draw historical antecedents from the belief of take the stand Destiny in the United States in the 19th century and from the ethnic patriot movement of Nazi Germa ny in the mid 20th century. This emphasis on the special Afrikaner identity heavily influenced Hendrik Verwoerd whose argument for apartheid centered on the inability for two cultures to achieve their lofty futures as each of their paths are unique. The intermingling of languages, traditions, and histories would be detrimental to both the Afrikaner and African peoples. These ideals of Afrikaner nationalism expressed in the restate draws historical antecedents back into the 19th century concept of apparent(a) Destiny.During the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the North American classical due to the special virtues of the American people and through a special destiny that was divinely ordained. Similarly, the Broederbond chairman asserts the special role of the Afrikaner people and their divinely ordained origin. In addition, he argues for their expansion throughout southern Afri ca as both a divine calling and righteous mission. The ideas expressed in the quote by the Broederbond chairman also draw numerous parallels with the 20th century German nationalism found in Nazi Germany. Following his ascension to power in Germany, Hitlers movement and theories resonated considerably in South Africa, particularly with the Purified subject field Party and the Broederbond. The Broederbond established a voortrekker movement for Afrikaner youth, arguably seen as analogous to the Hitler Youth. In 1938, the Ossewabrandwag was established on the model of Hitlers national socialist movement.By the end of 1939, over three hundred thousand Afrikaners had blaspheme loyalty to the volk, or Afrikaner people. It sought to establish an Afrikaner controlled republic in SouthAfrica, by violent means if necessary. Additionally, in 1938, a centenary celebration of the Great Trek was organized that placed emphasis on the heroic throw together of the Afrikaners against British oppre ssion. The articulation of this sacred history and of a struggle for survival sought to memorialize and legitimize the special place of the Afrikaner people. These sentiments are again arguably analogous to those found in the ethnic nationalist movement of Nazi Germany that stressed the special place in history of the Aryan race. In both Afrikaner nationalism and German nationalism, the nation has a mystical and divine quality. In addition, the Afrikaner and German people are also considered to possess certain special and unique characteristics such as language, culture, and history that transcend the individual and contribute to a national unity. The emphasis of a special and unique Afrikaner identity expressed in the quote by the Broederbond chairman in 1944 can be seen in Hendrik Verwoerds argument for apartheid in 1950.As the minister of native affairs in the first National Party government, Verwoerd met with African members of the Native Representative Council to explain his th eory and justification of apartheid. Basing his argument in the concept of ethnic nationalism, he asserts that Afrikaner and African communities must be divorced in order for both parties to prosper. It is impossible for two distinct and unique peoples to achieve their ideal futures while intermingled because each has their own particular path and calling. Verwoerd argues that tension and conflict are inevitable in mixed societies. The mixing of languages, traditions, and cultures in South Africa are only detrimental to the development of both the Afrikaner and African people.Appealing to African leaders for their cooperation in installing an apartheid policy, Verwoerd states that, Instead of striving after vague chimeras and trying to equal the European in an intermingled community with confused ideals and inevitable conflict, he can be a national figure helping to lead his own people along the driveway of peace and prosperity. He can help give the educated men and women of his pe ople an opportunity tofully realize their ambitions within their own sphere (Clark and Worger, 141). His exposition of apartheid places a significant emphasis on the purity of a peoples descent and the continuation of this line as the key to secure an ideal future. Both Afrikaners and Africans can only truly realize their full potential within their own cultural and ethnic sphere.

The After Effects Of World War One History Essay

The After Effects Of beingness fight One accounting EssayWorld War I has been an event of the great significance for its times. According to its dimensions and after effects it did not have the equalities at bottom the previous score of the humanity. The First World War lasted 4 years 3 months and 10 days (from August 1, 1914 till November 11, 1918), 38 countries were involved within the war processes, at that times nearly 1,5 milliard, approximately two thirds of in all(a) the Earths population, people dwelled within these countries1. The multimillion armies took mans within the battlefield processes, which used the newest technologies of the armed forces magnates. It is a well hump fact that a number of so called inhumane weapons (it is contemporary relation to such armament forces and techniques) was tested during the World War I and used for the later on army conflicts. General number of the soldiers disassociateicipating within the WWI reached 73,5 million people and the war brought very significant damage to the civilians dwelling on the territories the war occupied. 10 million people were killed during the conflict (historian, investigating the subject came to the conclusion that so many number of people were killed during the military conflicts in a period of a thousand years, which were held within the European continent) and 20 million of injured these are the results of these conflicts. According to the data provided within the investigations on the subject the direct expenses of participating in the conflict countries were nearly 208 milliards of dollars, which is 10 times boastfulr than the cost of the wars lasting since 1793 to 19072.The war provided a significant impact on the whole buildment of the historic processes it caused the sharpening of the class fight, activation of the nationalist movements the war was whizz of the main reasons that increased rising of objective pre-conditions of the socialist regeneration in the Ru ssian empire. Some left- orientated historians considered that the World War I and the Revolution of 1917 in Russia caused the total crisis of capitalism and it was genius of the most significant after effects that impacted the history victimization within the countries involved in the conflict. The history of the WWI attracted attention of the numerous investigators, from different countries in the whole world. The writers were intended to analyze the reasons from different aspects, economical sociological military and examined it after effects. They analyzed cardinal questions dealing with the roots, processes and lessons of the war lasting during the 1914 1918, its impact on the further economical development, socio-political life of the conflicting countries, the role of the every participant and the reference work of the military operations and military tactic arts. The investigation of the First World War is still acute within the contemporary realities as it strongly deal s to the one of the most significant, even burning questions the problem of the peace and the war. The generation of people living in age of nuclear missiles turn to the past for the better intellectual the present day events. We and our contemporaries are eager to learn what the reasons were and what newest military missiles were used during the war in order to understand present days events.Creating of the military political groups in Europe and armament race sharpened the difficult relation between the imperialisticic countries more and more. They provided tautnesss within the international relations and rather calm world history changed on the more conflict, catastrophic and irregular policy of relations between the countries. It goes without facial expression that the sharpening of the imperialist confrontations started earlier than the war. It was already sight during the Morocco Crisis in 1905 1906 and 1911 Bosnia crisis of the 1908 1909 Italy Turkish was lasting d uring the 1911 1912, Balkan wars of 1912 -1913. The most significant confrontation of that period was sending the military mission to Turkey by German government, it was headed by widely distributed von Sanders and aimed on reorganization and tutoring of the Turkish army (the events happened in December 1913).Preparing for the war the governing rows of imperialistic government created powerful military industry, the basis of which were the most stupendous and significant governmental plants ordnance factories, gunpowder factories, ammunition factories, cartridge-manufacturing plants, shipbuilding yards and many opposites. The private enterprises were involved to the process of military goods and production in Germany there were Krupp factories and plant, in Austria Hungary Schneider Krezo and St. Chaumont, in slap-up Britain Wickers and Armstrong Whitworth, in Russia Putilovs factory and many other private manufacturers.The imperialists of both confronting coalitions were faithfully supporting the military industry, they energetically fixed their defense powers and it is requirement that all the contemporary investigations and discoveries of science and techniques were aimed on the providing and supporting military industry and helped to developed radically new tactics of military conflicts. The newer, more perfect fit out appeared rapid rate rifles and machine guns, which provided increasing of the firing powers of the infantry forces within the artillery arms there was observed significant growth of the quantity in rifled-barrel guns of the newest systems. It goes without saying that the development of railroads had overly been a part of the strategic plan. Their role was strategically very significant as they helped to fasten the centralization and deploying for action of the large military masses by the human inputs and any other type of material and technical supports of the army. The role of automobile transport also started to increase. Th e military breed forces appeared it was really the first military conflict where aviation was used as a military force for bombing, it was innovation that changed the whole mind of the contemporary military confrontation. The usage of the newest means of communication such as telephone, telegraph and radio helped the leaders of the military troops to provide all the necessary arrangements within the army they were leading. The number of soldiers was increasing significantly and well-taught arrearage forces had also appeared during this period of the military development. It goes without saying that imperialist nature of the majority states involved in the WWI was playing probably one of the most significant roles in the military development of the countries. In the field of nautical military forces there was severe confrontation between the United body politic of Great Britain and Germany. Both countries provided huge expenses for supporting their military naval forces. From the 1905 the new type of military ships was involved the dreadnought type of ships. Up to the 1914 the German naval forces firmly occupied the second define in the highly developed naval forces after the United Kingdom. It goes without saying that the other countries were also intended to develop their naval forces, but financial and economical facilities did not let them to provide the set shipbuilding programs. The increased armament drive was overwhelming and as a result it needed significant financial inputs as it usually happened the labor class was supporting all these expenses.The wide spread was provided to the ideological support and cookery to the First World War. The Imperialist leaders tried to persuade the nations about inability to avoid serious military confrontation between the states, the militarism became a part of the propaganda and was obligate into the applications, chauvinism has also became a significant force for militarism propaganda the leaders of empires used to reach the set aims. It goes without saying that all means of propaganda were used world means, literature, arts, church are among the most influential and significant for that period. Bourgeoisie of all the states, playing with the patriotic feelings of the different nations, found the real justification for armament race, providing a perfect mask for the expansionist policies by the massaging the theme of the necessity to defend their motherland from the external enemies (i. e. the other countries taking the leading positions on the armament drive).It goes without saying that the governmental forces at those times, supported by the biggest manufacturers of their countries were intended to solve certain problems with the help of the War. It goes without saying that German government (supported by Krupp manufacturing powers) were intended to enlarge the territory of the state as Germany being separated for quite long period of time did not participated on the military arena and did not take part in the carving up the colonies and territories. German Kaiser Wilhelm II was very ambitious person and supported by the key industrialists he promoted his expanding policy. The internal policy of the Germany at the time of so called The Long Fuse by historians was also aimed on concentration the powers within the Kaisers hands. He was the one who set his ideas as seeking for the place in the sun for the German nation. Kaiser was the one who found explanation of his policy within the national interest. He built strong military machine repayable to the Tirpitz plan and was without any doubts successfully confronting British fleet. Being one of the most significant figure in the war Wilhelm II was not the one who forced the events, he just did not prevented the activity of Austria Hungary. The same time he did not paid enough attention to control the socialist movements in Germany, which also played a significant role and provided an impact on the World War I a nd made Kaiser to refuse from his title and leave the country. According to Versailles stop Act Wilhelm II was called the main war criminal, who was supporting the conflict.It would be necessary to say that all the leaders of some imperialist countries (the core participant in WWI) were relatives Kaiser, Russian king, Nicholas II and British King George V. It goes without saying that confrontation between the Germany and Britain made both George V and Kaiser seek for the suitable their region politics. George V refused all the German titles when the war broke up.Alongside with the imperialist leaders there should be mentioned alternative forces. The real force that could prevent the expansion policy of the imperialist government was so called international labor class, which consisted of nearly 150 million people. The labor movement in the worldly measures was headed by the International, which united 41 socio-democratic parties from 27 world countries consisting of 3,4 million me mbers. But the opportunist leaders of the socio-democratic parties from Europe could do nothing for providing in life the anti-military decision of the 2nd International congresses, which took place accurately before the WWI started. As it usually happened the strong political forces supported the governmental policies of their imperialist leaders and voted in the parliaments for supporting the military credits. The Socialist leaders of France, Great Britain and Belgium even took part participating within the bourgeoisie military governments. 2nd International ideology was ruined and it stopped its existence. It should be noted that the left oriented parties of Russia and Germany were the ones that kept on the anti-militarist policy and did not supported the war.The Russian scenario is well known all over the world. At first the leftists did not supported the military strategy provided by the king, strongly criticizing the intension of the Russian leaders to participate in the WWI a nd finally it ended by the Revolution of 1917, refuse for further involution in the WWI and Civil war in Russia. The Leftists were supporting the idea that the war is imperialist and do not have any brighter perspectives for the working class all over the world. They were supported by the German social-democrats and some French socialist leaders. The revolutionary ideas provided also very significant impact on the WWI and further development of European history. The German November Revolution was the one that played significant role for the whole war processes and the people cant stand oppressive military policy anymore. It would be hardly to define was it good or was it not but it is the historical lesson. Kaiser, even supported by manufacturers could do nothing with the growing irritation from the masses. The German scenario did not cost so many ruins for the country as the Russian one, but it was a total loss of the campaign. The united European power oppressed Kaiser and he co uld not keep on anymore. It goes without saying that all the united factors started the war and the united factors ended it. The most powerful world states were involved in the conflicts and it was looking like the demonstration of scientific and technical achievements of the confronting sides3, expanding policies of the country that did not took part in the main division of the colonies and the participation of the private companies in the supporting the war processes.In the end I would like to return to the very beginning. The represented statistical data, the death rates, the appearing of inhuman weapons that is still locomote a very contradictory question. The whole WWI was the shift moment in the world and especially European history. It showed who actually who is, the demonstration of power and forces showed the equipment and the results of armament rate. The revolution and socialist leaders and ambivalent figure of Lenin in Russian Revolution of 1917 all these were powers in volved in the WWI, the results of which are really significant if we look approve to observe them. The start of the new division and the expansion policies could be hardly accepted by contemporary society but the case of Kaiser Wilhelm II and other military leaders, who were intended to demonstrate the powers, the united powers that express Europe are really good lessons from the history. The after effects were different for the many countries. But we know that in the end there was significant crisis in Europe and US and other countries involved in WWI. Understanding the core ideas and lessons of the First World War is really important for contemporary world. The First World War gave a strong push to the development of missiles of massive attacks and the first weapons of mass destruction were tried. in person I think that in the present day world such type of conflicts is impossible as the results were undertaken. Historians still argue of the roots of WWI conflict that stressed a ll the European powers and make them either unite or confront and the common reason is one. During the 10 years Europe was living under the tension and stress, the small attempts of the territory fights were not enough for the countries growing their weapons and making significant inputs into the military and defense industry (it should be noted that manufacturers also supported the idea of the military conflict and took an active part in supporting the governmental forces). They need to demonstrate the power and start the re-division, more significant than Morocco crisis and the result was WWI engaging the strongest European forces.

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders: Analysis

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders AnalysisCognitive therapy is a highly hard-hitting discourse for mood roughnesss. Discuss.As Karasu noted in 1982, in that respect has historically been a polarization of the field of sermon of all psychological conditions on the one hand, there is a camp which touts psychotherapy as the nearly effective and superior form of treatment, and on the other, there ar those who champion the cause of pharmacotherapy as the most effective treatment.1 In Karasus words, this separation between the two disciplines is likely to be symptomatic of the post-Cartesian mind-body dichotomy at the core of modern medicine. Statements some the enduringness of the one or the other, which is often held to be thus the superior of the two, should be viewed through this lens.Before we can address the question of whether or not cognitive therapy is a highly effective treatment for mood disorders, we wishing to be clear about what we mean by cognitive therapy and m ood disorders. Mood disorders are typically taken to cover a range of depressive disorders which include both(prenominal) unipolar first gear and bipolar disorder, and which index range from full-blown major drop-off through to the display of some depressive symptoms.According to Blackburn et al., citing Becks (1967, 1976) cognitive theory of depression, someone who is depressed pass on view themselves as a loser and will interpret all their experiences in terms of their own inadequacies. They will anticipate that their present difficulties will continue indefinitely and, blaming themselves, they will become increasingly self-critical. As well as this negative view of the self, the world and the future, they will also make logical systematic errors, which will lead them to draw erroneous conclusions about their experiences. Such errors superpower include personalization, over-generalization, magnification and minimization. They will also cast dysfunctional basic premises or i diosyncratic schemas, which help them to sieve, categorize and practice upon information that they receive from their experiences of the world around them..2The aim of cognitive therapy is to change these negative schemas through the use of a variety of cognitive and doingsal techniques. The go on is problem-oriented and time-limited, typically lasting about 12 weeks.1 The most frequently reported forms of cognitive therapy in the literature are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). separate techniques include psychoeducation, psychodynamic focal therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Throughout this paper, the terms cognitive therapy and psychotherapy are used interchangeably.Among these diametrical cognitive therapy techniques, CBT is the one most often considered in the literature, and it is widely reported to be effective, and how do we decide if something is highly effective or not? To decide how effective a treatment is, we need to consider the unattached take the stand. What follows is not a full and systematic review of the literature, which is beyond the scope of this paper, but rather, a look at some of the available evidence to date on the subject and an outline of the key issues. In it, I propose that the evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal and that a to a greater extent integrated approach would be more beneficial.Writing in 1981, Blackburn et al. cite a study by Rush et al. (1977), which was one of the prior studies comparing cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, and which showed that cognitive therapy was superior to the drug imipramine in outpatients with unipolar depression in both train of response and rate of premature treatment termination.2 They attempted to replicate that study, but comparing a range of drugs with cognitive therapy, rather than just imipramine, and they also time-tested a crew of both cognitive t herapy and pharmacotherapy. They plunge cognitive therapy to be only minimally more effective than the drugs in a group of lightly to moderately depressed hospital outpatients, but significantly more so than drugs alone in general practice, both alone and in combination with drugs. In both groups, using a combination of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy produced the greatest effect of all.1 However, as the researchers do note, they used no objective method to assess patients compliancy with the pharmacotherapy regimen.2In their study of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and assertion training (AT) groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders, addict et al. gear up CBT alone to produce a significant proceeds in all the outcomes measured, including at follow-up.3 However, the group that received a combination of CBT and AT showed only minimal improvement on the amicable competence and misgiving measures4, and only two of the four measures that wer e significant immediately after the treatment were still significant at follow-up.5 In short, the presence of a comorbid personality disorder appeared to impede the response to CBT and AT and the outcomes at follow-up.6 Since depressed patients have high rates of comorbid personality disorders7, these results have significant implications for the use of cognitive therapy in combination with other forms of non-pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression.The use of a much briefer CBT protocol in this study (15 hours over five weeks), which as Ball et al. note is about one-half that in most studies in the CBT outcomes literature, should be noted. If briefer protocols like this can produce appreciable long-term improvements in the prognosis of depression, then this is likely to be more cost-effective than the longer protocols typically employed.8 However, since the study was uncontrolled, there may well be other explanations for the results. Clearly more studies, particularly rand omised controlled trials (RCTs), of cognitive therapy in this under-researched group are needed.In their recent review of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatments for mood and anxiety disorders, Otto et al. noted that in terms of acute outcomes, both CBT and pharmacological treatments have repeatedly been shown to be efficacious and in most cases to offer an approximately equal effect, though there are some suggestions that CBT is more tolerable and oddly more cost-effective.1 CBT has, however, consistently shown a strong relapse-prevention effect, in direct contrast to pharmacotherapy, which often requires ongoing treatment to prevent relapse.2It has been suggested that pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy have derivative effects, the fountain on symptom formation and affective distress, and the latter on interpersonal relations and social adjustment, each activated and sustained on a different time schedule, the pharmacological treatments sooner and over a shorter duration and the psycho remedial treatments later and over a longer duration.3 on that point is some evidence that CBT and pharmacotherapy may produce similar limbic and cortical changes in the brain, but also that they target different primary sites.4 There is, moreover, some evidence of complementary modes of natural action among patients who fail on one form of treatment but gain benefit from the other.5 Such complementarity favours a more integrated approach to the treatment of depression that combines the beneficial effects of both pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy, but is there any evidence that such an approach does indeed work?In their 1986 review of the evidence for the effectiveness of combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression, Conte et al. found a combination of the two approaches to be more effective than either of the treatments alone, though the apparently elongate effect was not a strong one. Conte et al. highlight a number of potential explanations for the observed effect, including the high drop-out rates in the studies they considered, making generalization difficult, the differential response to pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy dependent on whether the diagnosis was endogenous or situational, questions about whether it is either ethical or even practically possible to have a placebo in psychotherapy trials, and the low power of their own boilers suit approach to their review.1 Conte et al. also suggest that whilst their results might support the additive model, they might also be explained if some patients benefit more from one treatment and some more from the other.2 The non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists also makes comparisons and generalizations difficult, if not impossible.3,4In 1997, Thase et al. suggested that their mega-analysis comparing psychotherapy with psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations provided evidence of the superiority of a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy over psychotherapy alone for the more severely-depressed outpatients, both in terms of overall recovery rates and a shorter time to recovery.5 However, none of the patients older than 60 received psychotherapy and none with non-recurrent depression were in the combination group.6 The less seriously depressed patients treated with interpersonal therapy (IPT) or CBT alone achieved results comparable to those in the combination group.7 As it is, this evidence for the effectiveness of a combined approach is ambiguous.There are further problems with this study, though. Comorbid patients were excluded8 and as has been noted earlier, comorbidity is typically associated with poorer outcomes and a disproportionately large number of the patients had recurrent depression, so if the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is more effective in this sub-group, this will lend a skew to the picture suggesting effectiveness in all severely-depressed pati ents.9Finally, inasmuch as this is a mega-analysis, the non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists highlighted earlier makes generalizations very difficult, a problem noted by the authors of this study also.1In their 2004 review, Pampallona et al. concluded that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy produced a greater improvement in depression scores than pharmacotherapy alone.2 Pampallona et al. note that the addition of psychotherapy does appear to reduce the degree of non-response and increase adherence, but they question whether this is because psychotherapy has a genuine therapeutic effect or whether it is merely enhancing compliance with the pharmacological regimen, and suggest further studies with an improved range of outcome measures, including patient satisfaction, well-being and social functioning.3In their 2005 review, however, Otto et al. found that acute outcome studies with depressed outpatients provided only limited support for the theory that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is more efficacious than either approach alone. They did align higher rates of treatment response, but the differences were small and not statistically significant.4 Adding psychotherapy to the acute phase of a pharmacological treatment regimen was found to offer a comparable efficacy to a long-term pharmacological regimen in helping to prevent more than one relapse.5 Otto et al. did find that adding CBT to a pharmacological course of treatment improved medication adherence, reduced the impact of psychosocial stressors such as negative life events and anxiety comorbidity, prevented or limited the grimness of prodromal episodes, and directly improved outcomes in bipolar disorder.6The evidence, then, for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal. It does appear to improve outcomes, but it is unclear whether to a greater or approximately equivalent extent to p harmacological approaches to treatment. Whilst the evidence for adopting a combined approach is also not clear-cut, since the commodious majority of people with depression experience multiple episodes over their lifetime, and are especially prone to relapses shortly after their first episode1, and in light of both the possibly complementary mode of action of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy and the possibly harmful effects of long-term anti-depressant use, a more effective long-term strategy might involve the integration of both approaches. This might involve a drugs-based regimen in the earlier stages of depression, to treat symptoms and affective distress, and cognitive therapy throughout, to treat the interpersonal and social dimensions of depression, enhance compliance to the drugs-based regimen and treat and prevent relapses.Vos et al. modeled the impact of adopting a longer-term maintenance strategy on the burden of major depression, and suggested that this could avert h alf the depression occurring in the five years after an episode.2 A combined strategy would appear therefore to show some promise in reducing the quite significant disease burden placed by depression on society and improving the lives of those who suffer from it. Further robust controlled trials are clearly needed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive therapy, both alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, as a part of an integrated long-term strategy.ReferencesBall, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 71-85Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in slack A Treatment Trial utilize Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181-189Conte, H., Pl utchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) have Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression A taxonomic Analysis of the severalize, revolting Gen Psychiatry 43, 471-479Karasu, T. (1982) Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Toward an Integrative Model, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1102-1113Klein, D. F. (2000) Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy, Am J Psychiatr 157, 1204-1211Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults Review and analysis, Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 12, 1, 72-86Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression A Systematic Review, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 714-719Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) Treatment of major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psych otherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1009-1015Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) The Burden of major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 1097-11031Footnotes1 Karasu, T. (1982) Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Toward an Integrative Model, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 11022 Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 1811 Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 1812 Blackburn et al., 1821 Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christi e, J. E. (1981) The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 1882 Blackburn et al., 1883 Ball, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 774 Ball et al., 805 Ball et al., 816 Ball et al., 827 Ball et al., 738 Ball et al., 81,821 Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults Review and analysis, Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 12, 1, 732 Otto et al., 733 Karasu, T. (1982) Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Toward an Integrative Model, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 11114 Otto et al., 745 Otto et al., 74-751 Conte, H., Plutchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) Combined Psychotherap y and Pharmacotherapy for Depression A Systematic Analysis of the Evidence, Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 477-4782 Conte et al., 4783 Conte et al., 4784 Klein, D. F. (2000) Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy, Am J Psychiatr 157, 12045 Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1012-10136 Thase et al., 1012-10137 Thase et al., 10138 Thase et al., 10149 Thase et al., 10141 Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 10142 Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression A Systematic Review, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 7183 Pampallona et al., 7184 Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults Review and analysis, Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 12, 1, 735 Otto et al., 756 Otto et al., 761 Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) The Burden of Major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 11022 Vos et al., 1101-1102

Communication Characteristics in a Team

Communication Characteristics in a Team1 How police squads differ from groups, how to develop groups into teams.Its definitive to remind team atoms that they sh ar a common purpose and to direct their energy toward business-unit or corporate goals. The leader should periodic exclusivelyy highlight how bothones work fits into the companys boilersuit strategy and advances its position in the market (Neeley, 2015)2 The characteristics of high-performing teams.Success in the workplace depends on your ability to build a team, as well as to interact with early(a)s on that team. Together, people are able to accomplish what one person alone can non. This is known as synergy.Following are the characteristics of a vertical/Effective teamA clear, elevating goal This is a goal which has been communicated to all.A results-driven structure The goal has been jointly decided by all the team members. They are fully committed towards achieving it.Competent members Each team member has the requir ed skill set in order to achieve the team objectives.Unified load There is nothing happening in silos. With the total consignment from team members, achieving organizational goals becomes easier.A collaborative climate Commitment from team members and a corking leadership leads to a collaborative team with a productive work environment.Standards of excellence Quality orientation is vital to the success of any organization.External musical accompaniment and recognition Appreciation as well as appraisal is required to keep the morale of the team high.Principled leadership Leadership defines a team. An capable leadership can chart the teams path to success.Each team member participates actively and positively in dallyings as well as projects. This shows a persons commitment as well as understanding towards a project.Team goals are clearly understood by all Communication is vital for achieving successful issue of any project.Individual members have thought about creative solutions to the teams problem. Thinking out of the box is vital in todays economic scenario.Members are listened to carefully as well as given a thoughtful feedback. Listening is an important skill for any team. Each team member is important. The thoughts and ideas of each team member have to be listened to, with respect, no matter how silly they may sound at first.Everyone takes the initiative in order to get things done. There is no imagination of passing the buck. This is an indication of clear communication leading to understanding of individual responsibilities.Each team member trusts the judgment of others Mutual trust and respect is exceedingly important for the team. This is the only way to achieve the organization goals.The team has to be departing to take risks Risk taking is an locating which comes with confidence. Confidence on yourself as well as on the team, besides the ability to face all consequences.Everyone has to be reenforcementive of the project as well as of other s. A team is one unit. Unless these cohesive forces are there, the team will never be able to work efficiently enough.There is ample communication between the team members.Team decisions are made by using organized as well as logical methods.Dissenting opinions are never ignored In fact, they are always recorded in order to be revisited in case the future situations dictate so.Teams are given realistic deadlines External support as well as aid is vital to the success of any team.An efficient team require support from both inside and outside. It needs to meet the individual needs of its members in order to achieve the organizations goals.3 Handling challenges within the team.4 Team motivation for break in performance.A team is make when individuals with a similar interest come together to realize a common dream. The team members must think of their team first and all other personal interests should come later. Every individual must contribute equally as per his capability to achie ve the predefined targets successfully within the desired time frame. motivation and attitude go hand in hand in increasing the output of any team.You need a match stick for fire, you need ink for a pen to write, and similarly an individual needs motivation to perform. Every individual has some latent talents and needs a push for the talent to come out. Without motivation, the team members feel reluctant to work and also tend to spread negativity around. Human beings are hungry for praise and appreciation. It is the prime trade of the team leader to appreciate his team members whenever they have done something great. This way they feel happy and incited to perform even recrudesce the next time. settle a deadline for the submission of work. All the employees submitting the work within the stipulated time frame must be appreciated in public. Circulate a mail among all the employees appreciating your team members efficiency. Any person coming out with a brilliant idea should be sui tably rewarded. It is not always you give cash to motivate your employees, but even small tokens of appreciation can make a difference. Reward your team member with anything he likes. Appreciating one member does not flirt with you will neglect or criticize the other members of the team who could not perform up to the mark this time. It is the duty of the team leader to motivate them so that they perform well the next time. Ask them to BUCK UP.A single members performance can hardly make a difference to the teams performance every member has to contribute equally for the maximum output. Celebrate your teams success inviting all your team members. Take them out for a lunch to a nearby restaurant. They will feel happy and also come closer to each other this way. Give a pat on their back to appreciate their hard work.Titles much(prenominal) as Best Employee of the month and Best Team Member also go a long way in motivating the team members. The names of the best performers must be d isplayed on the notice boards for everyone to see.Incentives and perks also motivate the employees to a large extent. If any team member does something outstanding do not forget to appreciate him on an open forum and also ask the other members to reach to his level as well.Avoid making fun of your colleagues. It is considered extremely unprofessional. Dont spread negativity around. Dont depend on blame games or spread unneeded rumours about your team members.Motivation alone cant create wonders it needs to be coupled with positive attitude of the team members to ensure high performance of the team. Adopt a positive attitude at work. Do not always find faults in others. Listen to your team members as well. Dont assume things or draw conclusions on your own. Be a secondary more compromising and adjusting to avoid conflicts at work place. Sit and discuss issues with your team members to reach to an alternative. Results cant be achieved unless and until you believe in yourself. The wi ll power to do something is important. star should have the urge to perform.Always try to look at life from a larger perspective. Things can not always be the way you like, its better to accept things as it is sometimes. Remember after heavy rains, there is always a clear sky. Problems might crop up anytime, but it is always better to grin and move on. Do not overreact on petty things.Dont be too adamant or rigid, instead be a little forgiving. It is absolutely okay if you take the initiative and say Sorry. This magical word goes a long way in reducing conflicts to a large extent. Dont unnecessary create tensions for others and yourself as well.Dont be disheartened if someone comes to you and corrects you for your mistakes do take it in a positive and healthy way. Do not step in the office with a mind clouded with negative thoughts. Everything seems wrong to you and you unnecessarily fight with people around.Team members must adopt a positive attitude to avoid tensions and misunder standings at work place. Positive attitude with a little motivation can actually create wonders for the team.

Schindlers List :: essays research papers

1 We talked around in class once about(predicate) the fostering in the US compared to other countries actually made me wonder how well we were educated. It was shocking to me that these other places were learning things that here we dont level learn and that they were forced or required. When I read the America Skips School article at first I was really confused. When we started talking about it in class it became clearer to me. My personal opinion on this is that I dont think I should be forced to have to a greater extent education. Yet, I feeling that if you want it, it should be offered, and put out their as an option. However, I also think that it shouldnt be up to the students. I believe we should have a say but I can hardly imagine a late mass of students saying that want to learn more and spend more of their free time in the class room. If a student was really wanting their education they could take late classes after the normal school twenty-four hours and when school gets out in June that they could take summer courses. Yet listening to all these opinions on other ways you can get more education makes me think how good our education is?I think that it really comes down to it that, our education compared to other countries is a lot more un structured, and at some quantify less informative and strict. I think our society it based upon the media and that is what leads us and keeps up up to date. I think that in America our lives as long time go by have become less and less dependant on an education. You can become very successful in life without a college education or in the rappers Eminems case a high school diploma. Our society had adapted to that and made it easy to live a passably decent life without a strict education.2The comparison of like in the shetles and life now in communities is very different. When we were watching Fiddler on the Roof I noticed that in those times their lives pretty much revolved around traditions and family values , and sadly today thats not how we go about our lives at all. I think in todays society we base our decisions on what we have been taught. We are raised and informed by our parents, teachers, family, friends etc to a certain point then we go out in the real world on our own and learnt from our own mistakes.

Home :: essays research papers

Home is more than just a word in the dictionary. First, andmost basic, a house is a roof oer peoples heads. Second,a residence is a place to go and truly relax. Third, and mostimportant, a household is a place to laugh and abuse withloved ones. A infrastructures most basic trait is its ability to provide trade protectionfrom weather. Rain or snow, a house depart always be there.In the cold times of the year, the heater will be there towarm the house. The heat of the summer is no problem fora uncorrupted home. The ideal dwelling definitely must have adependable central air conditioner. When located in anarea abundant with tornadoes and hurricanes, a home musthave a safe place. A storm shelter or a basement is anexcellent place to hide.Besides shelter from weather, a home will also provideshelter from the storms of life. When work or school is justtoo much to take, folks can go home, kick back, andreflect on the good things they might have. Kids can gohome to hide from the bullie s or the kids with cooties. Nomatter what the problem is, going home and relaxing canprovide some relief from them.The most important thing about home is that it is whereloved ones will be. On a good day, they will be there toshare. A household is a place to share a funny joke or agood story. A haven is a place where people who careabout each other can share a quiet night. More importantthan providing a place to share good times, a home alsoprovides a gathering place for people who care during badtimes. A family residence is a good place to get support forthe bad happenings in life. The bad times can range fromthe death of a family member or assistant to just a simple bad